Rhodes, Richard. Bush and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. Madman theory The Politburo is the executive council or cabinet of ministers in the Soviet Union and other socialist nations. Bell Labs pointed out that although longer-range missiles flew much faster, their longer flight times would address the timing issue and their very high altitudes would make long-range detection by radar easier. Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Lawrence Eagleburger likewise critiqued, The president seems to be proposing an updated version of the Maginot Line [the interwar defensive fortifications on the Franco-German border which gave France a false sense of security] (252). START I was the first treaty to provide for deep reductions of U.S. and Soviet/Russian strategic nuclear weapons. In most cases, local communist, socialist and left-wing groups were merged into larger parties. A sophisticated attacker having the technology to use decoys, shielding, maneuvering warheads, defense suppression, or other countermeasures would have multiplied the difficulty and cost of intercepting the real warheads. URL: https://alphahistory.com/coldwar/cold-war-glossary-m-z/ It was the ideology that underpinned socialism in the Soviet Union and other Soviet bloc nations. The nuclear football travels with the president wherever he goes. In 1992, scientist Aldric Saucier was given whistleblower protection after he was fired and complained about "wasteful spending on research and development" at the SDI. Treaty of Brussels We look at its origins, how it operates and how it affects the lives of everyone. The project was abandoned in 1959. proxy war The Ubiquity - The student news site of Quartz Hill High School George Shultz, Reagan's secretary of state, suggested that a 1967 lecture by physicist Edward Teller (the so-called "father of the hydrogen bomb") was an important precursor to SDI. Director: Marvin J. Chomsky | Stars: Joseph Cotten, Lloyd Haynes, Dewey Martin . Its policymakers wanted to contain Soviet communism to keep Europe and the world free for US companies and American trade. On the other hand, many others[who?] The USSR contained 15 different socialist republics, though in most respects they were governed centrally by Moscow. This page was last edited on 13 February 2023, at 08:35. Tet Offensive For this mission, SDIO concentrated almost entirely on the "high tech" solutions like lasers. Terra-3 was a Soviet laser testing centre, located on the Sary Shagan anti-ballistic missile (ABM) testing range in the Karaganda Region of Kazakhstan. This US-financed relief package provided funds to European nations to assist their reconstruction after World War II. Washington, D.C., April 8, 2021 - The United States and its European allies disagreed over the advisability of using nuclear weapons to signal resolve and deter war if a serious crisis with Moscow over West Berlin broke out, according to a review of declassified records posted today by the nongovernmental National Security Archive. Communist China boycotted all Olympics between 1956 and 1980, as the IOC did not recognise its government. For example, if it had been much cheaper to add attacking warheads than to add defenses, an attacker of similar economic power could have simply outproduced the defender. The U.S.-Soviet Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, known as START I, was signed 31 July 1991 by U.S. President George H.W. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. The idea was first based on satellites, but when it was pointed out that these could be attacked in space, the concept moved to a "pop-up" concept, rapidly launched from a submarine off the Soviet northern coast. During the Cold War NATO served as an anti-Soviet bloc alliance. Also, since only the projectile leaves the gun, a railgun system can potentially fire many times before needing to be resupplied. The American Physical Society (APS) had been asked by the SDIO to provide a review of the various concepts. Project A119 was an American project, devised in 1958 to secure advantage in the Space Race. viewed favoring deployment of ABM systems as an escalation rather than cessation of the nuclear arms race, and therefore a violation of this clause. Star Wars program (see Strategic Defence Initiative). The Extended Range Interceptor (ERINT) program was part of SDI's Theater Missile Defense Program and was an extension of the Flexible Lightweight Agile Guided Experiment (FLAGE), which included developing hit-to-kill technology and demonstrating the guidance accuracy of a small, agile, radar-homing vehicle. Hover testing was completed in 1988 and demonstrated integration of the sensor and propulsion systems in the prototype SBI. Eighteen were in Arkansas, from which intercontinental ballistic missiles carrying nine-megaton nuclear warheads could be launched to strike targets as far as 5,500 miles away. Stasi This post is a comprehensive timeline of the Cold War, from the origins of the Russian-American conflict following World War Two to the final dissolution of the Soviet Union and the fall of the Berlin Wall at the end of the 20th century. The Relay mirror experiment (RME), launched in February 1990, demonstrated critical technologies for space-based relay mirrors that would be used with an SDI directed-energy weapon system. The need for an effective anti-ballistic missile system grew considerably in Reagans eyes after he visited the headquarters of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in 1979. Its member states have included US, Great Britain, France and West Germany. Initially, the program focused on large scale systems designed to defeat a massive Soviet offensive strike. And what about cruise missiles? Self-determination is a political principle which argues that populations should have the right to decide their own political system and government. They put together an all-star panel including many of the inventors of the laser, one of which was a Nobel laureate. The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), derisively nicknamed the "Star Wars program", was a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons (intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched ballistic missiles). To prove this point, the president suggested that the United States could eventually share SDI with the Soviet Union. In 1993, the Clinton administration further shifted the focus to ground-based interceptor missiles and theater scale systems, forming the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO) and closing the SDIO. In a speech to the Federal Assembly in March 2018, Russian President Vladimir Putin criticized the United States decision to withdraw from ABM and asserted the ability of Russian nuclear forces to penetrate any potential anti-ballistic missile system. New York, NY: Doubleday, 1995. It suggests that governments initiate wars to allow capitalists to produce more weapons, thus generating greater profits. [32] Though classified at the time, a detailed study on a Soviet space-based laser system began no later than 1976 as the Skif, a 1 MW Carbon dioxide laser along with the anti-satellite Kaskad, an in-orbit missile platform. Team B The National Security Council is an executive committee overseen by the President of the United States. Nuclear explosions give off a huge burst of X-rays, which the Excalibur concept intended to focus using a lasing medium consisting of metal rods. Their initial report was presented in 1986, but due to classification issues it was not released to the public (in redacted form) until early 1987.[44]. The Cold War was called cold because of the lack. In 1985, for example, physicist Wolfgang Panofsky wrote in Physics Today, ABM defense technology deserves further research within treaty limits, but the Star Wars program is too large, too political, raises false hopes and poses grave dangers to national and world security. Members of the Reagan administration, however, pushed back against this notion. An Afghan guerrilla with a US-made Stinger anti-aircraft missile in this photo taken between November 1987 and January 1988. . Since the late 1970s, a group had been pushing for the development of a high-powered chemical laser that would be placed in orbit and attack ICBMs, the Space Based Laser (SBL). This was essentially the combination of the sensors on the garage satellites and the low-orbit tracking stations on the Smart Rocks missile. Marxism [2], The Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) was set up in 1984 within the US Department of Defense to oversee development. Only the Space Based Laser seemed to have any hope of developing in the short term, but it was growing in size due to its fuel consumption. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (or SALT I and SALT II) This raised significant issues about economic and technical costs associated with defending against anti-ballistic missile defense countermeasures used by the attacking side. It was used to described reforms implemented by Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union in the mid 1980s. [54], Developed by Lockheed as part of the ground-based interceptor portion of SDI, the Exoatmospheric Reentry-vehicle Interceptor Subsystem (ERIS) began in 1985, with at least two tests occurring in the early 1990s. At Geneva, for example, Reagan proposed that the two sides reduce their respective nuclear arsenals by 50% but was unwilling to surrender SDI. The Soviet response to the SDI during the period of March 1983 through November 1985 provided indications of their view of the program both as a threat and as an opportunity to weaken NATO. Star Wars (see Strategic Defence Initiative). Or with that defense, he could then say to them, I am willing to do away with all my missiles. The South-East Asia Treaty Organisation or SEATO was an alliance of eight Asia-Pacific countries, formed in 1955. [73][74] It was designed to operate in conjunction with the Brilliant Eyes sensor system. As Secretary of State Schultz explained, Prior to the presidents speech, even the possibility that the United States might seriously seek to defend itself from nuclear attack seemed outlandish. Numerous variants have been produced since its inception, including air-, ship-, and sub-launched versions. MI5 These communist parties then obtained control of the government in elections, some of which may have been rigged. There must be something better than this, replied a shocked Reagan (Shultz 262). An anti-ballistic missile systemone which would give the United States complete protection from the Soviet Unionwas the natural next step. nuclear deterrence The nuclear football is a briefcase carried by a military attache to the US president. The announcement of SDI shocked officials around the globe. The Reagan Files: Recently Released Documents Related to SDI. Types of missiles: Conventional guided missiles Air-to-air missile Air-to-surface missile Anti-radiation missile Anti-ballistic missile. Date accessed: March 04, 2023 The demonstration was perhaps the first televised use of a weapons grade laser. It is a story of how Americans came to live with the Cold War, how they came to accept the tenets of nuclear deterrence and to live, in some cases, literally next door to nuclear weapons. The Strategic Defense Initiative became a key negotiating point in a series of meetings between Reagan and Gorbachev: the Geneva Summit (1985), the Reykjavik Summit (1986), the Washington Summit (1987), and the Moscow Summit (1988). Ping pong diplomacy refers to events in the early 1970s, when an American table tennis undertook a tour of communist China. nuclear sharing ON NUCLEAR WEAPONS DEFEND THE MOTHERLAND SOVIET CONSTRUCTION MEMORIAL TO THE VICTOR SCHOOL SHOOTINGS COLD PART IS OVER AFTER THE COLD WAR IN HOT WATER COMMUNIST PARADISE POST-COLD WAR ERA FALL OF COMMUNISM EUROPEAN WALLS REPLACING USSR DOMINO EFFECT MEETING IN MALTA HUMPTY DUMPTY REDUCED THE NUCLEAR THREAT CUTTING DOWN ON VODKA US DEFICIT The Truman Doctrine demonstrated that the United States would not return to isolationism after World War II, but rather take an active role in world affairs. Decades before, the two superpowers had successfully developed intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) as well as effective second strike capabilities such as nuclear submarines. Many[who?] The Footnote 1 Cold War (1945-1991) Footnote 2 was a nontraditional conflict between two conflicting ideologiescommunism and democracy. The Soviet effort was small before August 1945. [107], Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO), Global Protection Against Limited Strikes (GPALS), Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO), Boost Surveillance and Tracking System (BSTS), Space Surveillance and Tracking System (SSTS), Frances FitzGerald, "Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars and the End of the Cold War", pg. For each test a Minuteman missile was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California carrying a single mock re-entry vehicle targeted for Kwajalein lagoon more than 4,000 miles (6,400km) away. Russification describes any move to impose Russian language or culture onto non-Russian people or regions. You dont want to share even petroleum equipment, automatic machine tools or equipment for dairies, while sharing SDI would be a second American Revolution (Hanhimaki and Westad 583). During the Cold War, enemy agents, posing as U.S. Navy crew, sabotage a nuclear submarine and steal its anti-ballistic missile guidance system. The missile is liquid-fueled, and categorized as a "super-heavy" ICBM one with enough lifting capacity to deliver multiple warheads arranged in a so-called multiple independently targeted. A revolution is a period of rapid political, social and/or economic change in a particular nation or region. Specifically, they noted that all of the systems had to improve their energy output by at least 100 times, and in some cases as much as a million. Theyre banking on the USSRs fear of SDIin moral, economic, political, and military terms. It did not take into account limited launches, accidental launches, rogue launches, or launches by non-state entities or covert proxies. Above all else, Soviet leaders feared that SDI would pave the way for weaponizing space. It refers to the waves of emigration from East Germany to West Germany, or other non-Soviet countries, between 1949 and 1961. Some members of the mujahideen were later associated with the Taliban and Osama bin Ladens al-Qaeda. United Nations (or UN) Below is a list of missiles, sorted alphabetically by name. A number of [rogue] states are acquiring increasingly longer-range ballistic missiles as instruments of blackmail and coercion against the United States and its friends and allies, read an official statement.
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